Hard gold alloy with zirconium, titanium and magnesium for jewelry manufacture

ABSTRACT

A high purity gold alloy alloyed with a combination of metals or at least two metals out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium for jewelry manufacture and containing 75-99.5% of Gold, 0.01-1.5% of Zirconium, 0.01-1.5% of Magnesium, 0.01-1.5% of Titanium, 0-24.98% of Copper, and 0-24.98% of Zinc and 0-24.98% of Silver by weight. Gold-Zirconium, Magnesium, Titanium Gold alloy has 75-260 Vickers hardness and specific gravity 14-19 g/cc. It has more than 1.25-2 times high springiness at applied load/pressure and is compatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof by human eye, when compared with the conventional gold alloys. The 3-metal combination (Zr+Ti+Mg) Gold alloy has RICH YELLOW colour, while out of the 2-metal combinations, (Zr+Ti) Gold alloy has a WHITISH YELLOW colour, (Zr+Mg) Gold alloy has a GREENISH YELLOW colour and (Mg+Ti) Gold alloy has a “PALE YELLOW” colour. Gold alloy shows lower wear during polishing. Gold alloy includes 18-24 Caratage suitable for jewelry manufacture due to its lower specific gravity and cost-effectiveness.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to gold alloys. In particular, the presentinvention relates to gold alloys which are alloyed with Zirconium,Titanium and Magnesium. More particularly, the present invention relatesto gold alloys alloyed with at least two out of Zirconium, Titanium andMagnesium or all three together for making low-weight jewelry ofdifferent caratages.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gold is one of the most expensive but popular rare metal, predominantlyused for manufacturing jewelry and watches etc. Normally, theconventional 22 and 23-carat Gold alloy has gold of fineness 916 (916part out of total 1000) 958 (958 ppt or 958 parts out of total 1000)respectively. The remaining 84 part in 22-carat Gold and 42 parts in23-carat Gold (out of a total of 1000 parts) including Thailand 23-caratGold consisting 96.15 to 96.55% by weight of Gold and includes severalalloying elements, such as Zinc as well as Copper and Silver which areabundantly available in pure metal form. In India, Copper and Silver arethe only alloying elements traditionally used for making conventional 22and 23-carat Gold.

The compositions (by weight) of conventional Gold alloys of differentcaratage are indicated below:

A) 18-carat Gold: 75% Gold, 12.5% Copper and 12.5% Silver and

B) 22-carat Gold: 91.6% Gold, 6.3% Copper and 2.1% Silver.

C) Although, for commercial and industrial application, few common itemsare available in Indian market using the terms like Zirconium andZirconia, they do not actually possess any Zirconium metal in it's pureform, which is actually included here as the subject-matter of thepresent invention.

Normally, Zirconium jewelry is made of Zirconium or alloys thereofcontaining Zirconium as the main alloying constituent. While cubicZirconia commonly known as CZ is a synthesized crystalline form ofZirconium Dioxide and is commercially used as a diamond simulant.Another form Zicron falls under the category of gemstones having achemical formula as ZrSiO₄ (Zirconium Silicate).

According to the article “The Au—Zr (Gold-Zirconium) Systems” written byMassalski, T. B., Okamoto, H. & Abriata and published in the J.P.Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams (1985) [6: 519. doi:10.1007/BF02887148], Zirconium has 7.25% of solubility in Gold. However,for the applications in jewelry manufacture, in which the coldworkability in items is very important, in another article “18-caratyellow gold alloys with increased hardness” (page 7) written by Mintek,it is stated that more than 5% of Zirconium solubility in gold leads tocracking of items.

A solid solution strengthening phenomenon is observed in this alloy asseen in a solid-state, there is a different fraction of solubility of 1%of Zirconium in Gold from the temperature between 800-400-degreeCelsius, according to the article “Micro-alloyed 24-carat Gold” (Page 7,Table 6) written by C. W Corti.

Since the Zirconium atom has a misfit factor 11.11 with the Gold atom,there is a substitutional strengthening (misfit factor of more than 15)effect on the alloys. Apart from jewelry manufacture, the Gold-Zirconiumalloy is also found useful in:

-   a) Dental applications, in which Gold has been used for more than    4000 years as a restorative material, particularly for dental    repairs. For having special characteristics by and in the alloy that    could make its use extensively in dental field, Gold-Zirconium is an    important alloy to be considered.-   b) Electrical Applications for special purpose application, in which    Gold is used as a contact material because of its advantageous    properties such as abrasion resistance and hardness etc., the    Gold-Zirconium alloy offers a good applicability here as well.

Moreover, different articles discuss the micro-alloyed Gold, forexample, the article written by C. W. Corti:“MICROALLOYING_CORTI_JTF2005_ENG.pdf-132-147 CORTI_eng col (page 10-11and References) and available online and another article written byGeoffrey Gafner: “The Development of 990 Gold-Titanium: It's Production,use and properties” (page 1&9).

However, none of the compositions disclosed in the prior art literatureinclude combinations of at least two out of these three, Zirconium,Titanium and Magnesium metals or all three together as the constituentsof the gold alloy.

DISADVANTAGES WITH THE PRIOR ART

The disadvantages with the prior art documents are that none of thedocuments found during this search have exhibited all the features ofthe applicant's NEW Gold alloy compositions having 18 to 24 carats,which they claim to have lower grammage with same volume as in theconventional high caratages and increased hardening value and tomaintain ductility, colour, tensile strength and other properties ofgold essential for jewelry making and easy for refining.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Some of the objects of the present invention—satisfied by at least oneembodiment of the present invention—are as follows:

An object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloy with acombination of metals zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has improved mechanicalproperties.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloy withat least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has improved mechanicalproperties.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloywith at least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has lower weight for the samevolume of the conventional alloy.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloywith at least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which retains rich yellow colour of thegold after alloying.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloywith at least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has workable malleability andductility during jewelry making.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a goldalloy with at least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or allthree together for jewelry manufacture which has improved hardness.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloywith at least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has age-hardening property.

One more object of the present invention is to provide a gold alloy withat least two out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all threetogether for jewelry manufacture which has better/improved springiness.

A still more object of the present invention a gold alloy with at leasttwo out of zirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all three together forjewelry manufacture which shows higher resistance to wear. A yet moreobject of the present invention a gold alloy with at least two out ofzirconium, Titanium and Magnesium or all three together for jewelrymanufacture which shows higher luster.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention willbecome more apparent from the following description, when read with theaccompanying data and tables which are however not intended to limit thescope of the present invention in any way.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a highpurity gold alloy alloyed with a combination of metals zirconium,Titanium and Magnesium for jewelry manufacture, the gold alloycomprising:

-   -   75 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and/or    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, and/or    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium, and/or    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Zinc,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is an 18-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   75 to 75.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0 to 24.97% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.97% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 24.97% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a 21-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   87.5 to 88% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0 to 12.47% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 12.47% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 12.47% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a 22-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   91.6 to 92% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0 to 8.37% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 8.37% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 8.37% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a 23-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   95.8 to 97% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0 to 4.17% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 4.17% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 4.17% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a 24-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium, and    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 14 to19.5 g/cc; preferably 14.67 g/cc, 16.502 g/cc, 17.057 g/cc, 17.88 g/ccand 18.771 g/cc for 18, 21, 22, 23 and 24-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy comprises a hardness in the range of 75 to 260Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11; preferably 240-260, 200-225, 170-195,125-155 and 75-100 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 for 18, 21, 22, 23 and24-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy has substantially higher springiness, lusterand lower wear and has rich yellow color and compatible color retentionproperties compared with conventional Gold alloy.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the gold alloy isalloyed with at least two metals out of zirconium, Titanium andMagnesium for jewelry manufacture and comprises:

-   -   75 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and/or    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, and/or    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium, and/or    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Zinc,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a whitish yellow 18-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   75 to 75.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 18-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   75 to 75.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a pale yellow 18-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   75 to 75.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 14 to15 g/cc; preferably 14.78 g/cc., 14.75-g/cc and 14.74 g/cc for Zr—Ti,Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 18-carat gold alloy respectively. Typically, thegold alloy comprises a hardness in the range of 235 to 265 VickersHV-0.05 ASM F 384-11, preferably 245-265, 235-255 and 245-255 VickersHV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 18-carat goldalloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy has substantially higher springiness, lusterand lower wear and has compatible color retention properties comparedwith conventional Gold alloy.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the gold alloy is awhitish yellow 21-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   87.5 to 88% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 21-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   87.5 to 88% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a pale yellow 21-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   87.5 to 88% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 16 to17 g/cc; preferably 16.69 g/cc, 16.55 g/cc, 16.51 g/cc for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mgand Ti—Mg of the 21-carat combinations respectively. Typically, the goldalloy comprises a hardness in the range of 200 to 230 Vickers HV-0.05ASM F 384-11, preferably 205-230, 200-210 and 200-225 Vickers HV-0.05ASM F 384-11 for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 21-carat gold alloyrespectively.

Typically, the gold is a 21-carat alloy having substantially higherspringiness, luster and lower wear and has compatible color retentionproperties compared with conventional Gold alloy.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the gold alloy is awhitish yellow 22-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   91.6 to 92% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 22-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   91.6 to 92% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a pale yellow 22-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   91.6 to 92% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 17 to18 g/cc; preferably 17.40 g/cc, 17.14 g/cc and 17.08 g/cc for Zr—Ti,Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 22-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy comprises a hardness in the range of 170 to205 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11, preferably 175-190, 190-205 and170-195 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the22-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold is a 22-carat alloy having substantially higherspringiness, luster and lower wear and has compatible color retentionproperties compared with conventional Gold alloy.

In a still further embodiment of the present invention, the gold alloyis a whitish yellow 23-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   95.8 to 97% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 23-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   95.8 to 97% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy is a pale yellow 23-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   95.8 to 97% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper,    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Zinc, and    -   0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 17.5 to18.5 g/cc; preferably 18.27 g/cc, 17.97 g/cc, 17.92 g/cc for Zr—Ti,Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 23-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy comprises a hardness in the range of 125 to155 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11, preferably 145-155, 125-135 and135-150 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the23-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold is a 23-carat (having Indian standard of 95.58 to96% by weight of gold and Thailand standard of 96.15 to 96.55% by weightof gold) gold alloy having substantially higher springiness, luster andlower wear and has compatible color retention properties compared withconventional Gold alloy.

In a yet further embodiment of the present invention, the gold alloy isa whitish yellow 24-carat Gold alloy comprising:

-   -   97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium.

Typically, the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 24-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium.

Typically, the gold alloy is a pale yellow 24-carat Gold alloycomprising:

-   -   97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold,    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, and    -   0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium.

Typically, the gold alloy has a specific gravity in the range of 18.5 to19.5 g/cc; preferably 19.05 g/cc, 18.73 g/cc, 18.67 g/cc for Zr—Ti,Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 24-carat gold alloy respectively.

Typically, the gold alloy comprises a hardness in the range of 75 to 105Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11, preferably 75-105, 80-95 and 75-100Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 for Zr—Ti, Zr—Mg and Ti—Mg of the 24-caratgold alloy respectively.

Typically, the Gold alloy is a 24-carat Gold (includes Hong Kong/Chinabased Chuk Kam jewelry with 99.0 to 99.5% by weight of Gold) alloyhaving substantially higher springiness, luster and lower wear andcompatible color retention properties compared to conventional Goldalloy.

Ranges for 2-Metal Combinations

a- 18 carat i- Zirconium and Titanium Gold 75-75.5% Zirconium 0.01 to1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 24.98% Zinc 0 to 24.98% Silver 0to 24.98% ii-Zirconium and Magnesium Gold 75-75.5% Zirconium 0.01 to1.5% Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 24.98% Zinc 0 to 24.98% Silver 0to 24.98% iii-Magnesium and Titanium Gold 75-75.5% Magnesium 0.01 to1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 24.8% Zinc 0 to 24.98% Silver 0to 24.98% b- 21 carat i- Zirconium and Titanium Gold 87.5-88% Zirconium0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 12.48% Zinc 0 to 12.48%Silver 0 to 12.48% ii-Zirconium and Magnesium Gold 87.5-88% Zirconium0.01 to 1.5% Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 12.48% Zinc 0 to 12.48%Silver 0 to 12.48% iii-Magnesium and Titanium Gold 87.5-88% Magnesium0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 12.48% Zinc 0 to 12.48%Silver 0 to 12.48% c- 22 carat i- Zirconium and Titanium Gold 91.6-92%Zirconium 0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 8.38% Zinc 0 to8.38% Silver 0 to 8.38% ii-Zirconium and Magnesium Gold 91.6-92%Zirconium 0.01 to 1.5% Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 8.38% Zinc 0to 8.38% Silver 0 to 8.38% iii-Magnesium and Titanium Gold 91.6-92%Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 8.38% Zinc 0 to8.38% Silver 0 to 8.38% d- 23 carat i- Zirconium and Titanium Gold95.8-97% Zirconium 0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 4.18%Zinc 0 to 4.18% Silver 0 to 4.18% ii-Zirconium and Magnesium Gold95.8-97% Zirconium 0.01 to 1.5% Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 4.18%Zinc 0 to 4.18% Silver 0 to 4.18% iii-Magnesium and Titanium Gold95.8-97% Magnesium 0.01 to 1.5% Titanium 0.01 to 1.5% Copper 0 to 4.18%Zinc 0 to 4.18% Silver 0 to 4.18% e- 24 carat i- Zirconium and TitaniumGold 97-99.5% Zirconium 0.01 to 0.5% Titanium 0.01 to 0.5% ii-Zirconiumand Magnesium Gold 97-99.5% Zirconium 0.01 to 0.5% Magnesium 0.01 to0.5% iii-Magnesium and Titanium Gold 97-99.5% Magnesium 0.01 to 0.5%Titanium 0.01 to 0.5%

Experimental Verification:

The following are the results of the test conducted for differentcaratage of the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention:

A1—18-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 12.5% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER12.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION:75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.10% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.10% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 0.10% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 12.35% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 6.175%BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 6.175% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the18-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 18-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 15.442 gm/cc, 18-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 14.67 gm/cc, which is 4.99% less than theconventional 18-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

18-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof, when compared with conventional 18-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional18-carat Gold Alloy 1 −85.82 60.98 NA 32.20 81.18 5.82 11.81 −84.9460.65 NA 32.44 81.4 5.5 11.42 −85.31 60.45 NA 32.18 81.2 5.4 10.9Average −85.36 60.69 NA 32.27 81.26 5.57 11.37 B) 18-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −83.1 56.92 NA 34.1478.18 3.12 22.8 −83.34 56.05 NA 35.24 78.24 3.11 22.14 −83.8 56.45 NA35.14 78.2 3.12 23.10 Average −83.41 56.47 NA 34.84 78.2 3.11 22.68

Enhanced Hardness:

18-carat 18-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 225 240-260 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 18-carat 18-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.2170 gm and 2310 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 5.3 mm of 5.9 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional18-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 18-carat 1.845 1.818 0.0271.463 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (18-caratGold alloy 1.705 1.688 .017 .997 of present invention)) Test piece Size= 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

Experimental Verification:

The following are the results of the test conducted for 18 caratage ofthe gold alloy made in accordance with the present invention:

A2—18-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 12.5% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER12.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION:75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.05% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.05% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 12.45% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 6.225% BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 6.225% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the18-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention. While the conventional 18-carat gold has a specificgravity of 15.442 gm/cc, 18-carat gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention with the above composition has demonstrated a specificgravity of 14.75 gm/cc, which is 4.49% lesser than the conventional18-carat gold alloy. This is a substantial cost-effectiveness for thishigh value metal used for jewelry manufacture.

Color Retention:

18-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof, when compared with conventional 18-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional18-carat Gold Alloy 1 −85.82 60.98 NA 32.20 81.18 5.82 11.81 −84.9460.65 NA 32.44 81.4 5.5 11.42 −85.31 60.45 NA 32.18 81.2 5.4 10.9Average −85.36 60.69 NA 32.27 81.26 5.57 11.37 B) 18-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −80.1 57.92 NA 31.5878.14 3.0 20.8 −79.34 58.15 NA 30.98 77.92 2.98 21.6 −78.24 56.45 NA31.45 78.21 2.9 21.3 Average −79.22 57.50 NA 31.33 78.09 2.96 21.23

Enhanced Hardness:

18-carat 18-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 225 235-255 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 18-carat 18-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.2170 gm 2205 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 5.3 mm of 5.4 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional18-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 18-carat 1.845 1.818 0.0271.463 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (18-caratGold alloy) 1.765 1.746 .019 1.07 Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3mm

A3—18-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 12.5% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER12.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION:75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.05% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 0.05% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 12.45% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 6.225% BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 6.225% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the18-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention. While the conventional 18-carat gold has a specificgravity of 15.442 gm/cc, 18-carat gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention with the above composition has demonstrated a specificgravity of 14.74 gm/cc, which is 4.54% lesser than the conventional18-carat gold alloy. This is a substantial cost-effectiveness for thishigh value metal used for jewelry manufacture.

Color Retention:

18-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof when compared with conventional 18-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional18-carat Gold Alloy 1 −85.82 60.98 NA 32.20 81.18 5.82 11.81 −84.9460.65 NA 32.44 81.4 5.5 11.42 −85.31 60.45 NA 32.18 81.2 5.4 10.9Average −85.36 60.69 NA 32.27 81.26 5.57 11.37 B) 18-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −78.24 55.98 NA 30.9881.4 2.75 15.58 −78.54 56.02 NA 30.9 80.12 2.55 16.78 −78.48 56.04 NA31.0 81.55 2.69 16.45 Average −78.42 56.01 NA 30.96 80.02 2.66 16.27

Enhanced Hardness:

18-carat 18-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 225 245-255 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 18-carat 18-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.2170 gm and 2190 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 5.3 mm of 5.4 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional18-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 18-carat 1.845 1.818 0.0271.463 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (18-caratGold alloy) 1.768 1.751 .017 .9615 Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3mm

A4—18-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 12.5% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER12.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION-75% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.05% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 0.05% BY WEIGHT OFZIRCONIUM 12.45% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 6.225% BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 6.225% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the18-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention. While the conventional 18-carat gold has a specificgravity of 15.442 gm/cc, 18-carat gold alloy made in accordance with thepresent invention with the above composition has demonstrated a specificgravity of 14.78 gm/cc, which is 4.24% lesser than the conventional18-carat gold alloy. This is a substantial cost-effectiveness for thishigh value metal used for jewelry manufacture.

Color Retention:

18-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof when compared with conventional 18-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional18-carat Gold Alloy 1 −85.82 60.98 NA 32.20 81.18 5.82 11.81 −84.9460.65 NA 32.44 81.4 5.5 11.42 −85.31 60.45 NA 32.18 81.2 5.4 10.9Average −85.36 60.69 NA 32.27 81.26 5.57 11.37 B) 18-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −72.15 54.01 NA 32.5884.75 5.0 14.21 −73.05 54.01 NA 33.0 85.12 2.85 13.9 −73.45 54.45 NA33.25 85.23 3.9 13.58 Average −72.88 54.15 NA 32.94 85.03 3.91 13.89

Enhanced Hardness:

18-carat 18-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 225 245-265 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 18-carat 18-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine-made Up to appx. Up to appx. bangle as the final product. 2170gm and 2175 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 5.3 mm of 5.3 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional18-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 18-carat 1.845 1.818 0.0271.463 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (18-caratGold alloy) 1.774 1.756 .018 1.01 Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3mm

B1—21-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 9.37% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER3.13% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION-87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.15% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 6.025% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 3.0125%BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 3.0125% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the21-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 21-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 17.006 gm/cc, 21-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 16.502 gm/cc, which is 2.96% less than theconventional 21-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

21-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof when compared with conventional 21-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional21-carat Gold Alloy 1 −94.68 65.98 NA 29.46 82.29 7.86 13.87 −94.7766.01 NA 29.44 82.3 7.86 13.9 −94.86 66.32 NA 29.56 82.28 7.83 13.86Average −94.77 66.1 NA 29.49 82.29 7.86 13.88 B) 21-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −92.8 57.92 NA 32.7480.02 3.57 28.72 −92.83 57.94 NA 32.73 79.98 3.8 30.28 −92.97 57.96 NA32.72 79.96 3.82 30.23 Average −92.87 57.94 NA 32.73 79.99 3.73 29.74

Enhanced Hardness:

21-carat 21-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 190 200-225 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 21-carat 21-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.1760 gm and 1945 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 4.7 mm of 5.2 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional21-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 21-carat 2.04 1.999 0.0412.009 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (21-caratGold alloy 1.937 1.903 .034 1.755 of present Invention) Test piece Size= 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

B2—21-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 9.37% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER3.13% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION-87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.15% BY WEIGHT OFTITANIUM 6.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 3.05% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 3.05% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the21-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 21-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 17.006 gm/cc, 21-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 16.69 gm/cc, which is 1.84% lesser than theconventional 21-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

21-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof when compared with conventional 21-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional21-carat Gold Alloy 1 −94.68 65.98 NA 29.46 82.29 7.86 13.87 −94.7766.01 NA 29.44 82.3 7.86 13.9 −94.86 66.32 NA 29.56 82.28 7.83 13.86Average −94.77 66.1 NA 29.49 82.29 7.86 13.88 B) 21-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −90.6 55.98 NA 34.7479.98 2.96 15.24 −90.52 55.90 NA 35.05 80.02 4.01 18.37 −90.47 55.05 NA35.00 79.96 3.86 19.0 Average −90.53 55.65 NA 34.93 79.99 3.61 17.7

Enhanced Hardness:

21-carat 21-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 190 205-230 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 21-carat 21-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.1760 gm and 1800 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 4.7 mm of 4.95 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional21-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 21-carat 2.04 1.999 0.0412.009 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (21-caratGold alloy 2.00 1.971 .029 1.45 of present Invention) Test piece Size =20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

B3—21-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 9.37% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER3.13% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION-87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.15% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 6.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 3.05% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 3.05% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of 21-caratGold alloy made according to the present invention is significantlyreduced. While conventional 21-carat gold has a specific gravity of17.006 gm/cc, 21-carat gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention with the above composition has demonstrated a specific gravityof 16.55 gm/cc, which is 2.7% lesser than the conventional 21-carat goldalloy. This is a substantial cost-effectiveness for this high valuemetal used for jewelry manufacture.

Color Retention:

21-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof when compared with conventional 21-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional21-carat Gold Alloy 1 −94.68 65.98 NA 29.46 82.29 7.86 13.87 −94.7766.01 NA 29.44 82.3 7.86 13.9 −94.86 66.32 NA 29.56 82.28 7.83 13.86Average −94.77 66.1 NA 29.49 82.29 7.86 13.88 B) 21-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −91.38 56.07 NA 32.3380.04 2.05 18.23 −91.89 56.02 NA 32.55 81.14 1.95 17.67 −91.59 56.02 NA32.0 81.23 1.80 17.51 Average −91.62 56.03 NA 32.63 80.80 1.93 17.79

Enhanced Hardness:

21-carat 21-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 190 200-210 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 21-carat 21-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.1760 gm and 1950 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 4.7 mm of 5.3 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional21-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 21-carat 2.04 1.999 0.0412.009 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (21-caratGold alloy 1.986 1.951 .034 1.72 of present Invention) Test piece Size =20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

B4—21-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 9.37% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER3.13% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION-87.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 0.15% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 6.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 3.05% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 3.05% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the21-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 21-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 17.006 gm/cc, 21-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 16.51 gm/cc, which is 2.87% lesser than theconventional 21-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

21-carat Gold alloy with the above composition made according to thepresent invention is also compatible in terms of the color retentionproperties thereof, when compared with conventional 21-carat Gold alloysas observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional21-carat Gold Alloy 1 −94.68 65.98 NA 29.46 82.29 7.86 13.87 −94.7766.01 NA 29.44 82.3 7.86 13.9 −94.86 66.32 NA 29.56 82.28 7.83 13.86Average −94.77 66.1 NA 29.49 82.29 7.86 13.88 B) 21-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −90.99 56.99 NA 35.0184.01 2.95 12.89 −91.02 57.02 NA 36.02 84.37 2.95 13.37 −91.12 57.12 NA34.94 84.67 2.88 13.02 Average −91.04 57.04 NA 35.34 84.35 2.92 13.09

Enhanced Hardness:

21-carat 21-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 190 200-225 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 21-carat 21-carat goldConventional of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimen used isa machine- Up to appx. Up to appx. made bangle as the final product.1760 gm and 1865 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter and deflectiondeflection Thickness 1.3 mm and 5.5 mm width of 4.7 mm of 5.0 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional21-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 21-carat 2.04 1.999 0.0412.009 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size = 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (21-caratGold alloy 1.980 1.95 .030 1.52 of present Invention) Test piece Size =20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

C1—22-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL ALLOY- 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 6.3% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION -91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 3.825% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 1.913%BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 1.913% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the22-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the above composition. the conventional22-carat gold has a specific gravity of 17.696 gm/cc, 22-carat goldalloy made in accordance with the present invention has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 17.057 gm/cc, which is 3.61% lesser than theconventional 22-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

22-carat Gold alloy according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof whencompared with conventional 22-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional22-carat Gold Alloy 1 −117.67 70.11 NA 25.11 78.34 10.28 33.06 −118.0170.27 NA 25.12 78.33 10.35 33.05 −117.81 70.22 NA 25.14 75.64 9.85 31.95Average −117.81 70.20 NA 25.12 77.44 10.16 32.69 B) 22-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −116.13 69.2 NA 28.4382.12 6.76 30.37 −119.3 69.24 NA 27.47 82.15 6.77 30.35 −119.73 69.41 NA28.19 82.14 6.75 30.43 Average −117.39 69.28 NA 28.03 82.14 6.76 30.38

Enhanced Hardness:

22-carat 22-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 140 170-195 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Springiness Observed in Observed in 22-carat 22-carat GoldConventional Alloy of the present Gold Alloy invention Round specimenused is a bangle Up to appx. Up to appx. as the final product. 800 gmand 1320 gm and Size- 52.5 mm Inner Diameter deflection deflection andThickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm of 3.5 mm of 4.7 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher than the conventional 22-carat Goldalloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 22-carat 2.12 2.024 0.0964.528 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (22-caratGold alloy 2.017 1.991 0.026 1.289 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

C2—22-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 6.3% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 3.95% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 1.975% BY WEIGHT OF ZINC 1.975% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the22-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the above composition. the conventional22-carat gold has a specific gravity of 17.696 gm/cc, 22-carat goldalloy made in accordance with the present invention has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 17.14 gm/cc, which is 3.16% lesser than theconventional 22-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

22-carat Gold alloy according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof whencompared with conventional 22-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional22-carat Gold Alloy 1 −117.67 70.11 NA 25.11 78.34 10.28 33.06 −118.0170.27 NA 25.12 78.33 10.35 33.05 −117.81 70.22 NA 25.14 75.64 9.85 31.95Average −117.81 70.20 NA 25.12 77.44 10.16 32.69 B) 22-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −117.0 68.45 NA 28.4382.1 5.76 28.5 −116.58 68.25 NA 27.47 82.05 5.91 28.69 −118.23 68.25 NA28.19 82.09 5.88 28.7 Average −117.27 68.31 NA 28.03 82.08 5.85 28.63

Enhanced Hardness:

22-carat 22-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 140 190-205 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed Springiness Observed in 22-carat in 22-carat GoldConventional Alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused Up to appx. 800 gm Up to appx. 1275 gm is a bangle as the anddeflection of and deflection of final product. 3.5 mm 4.45 mm Size- 52.5mm Inner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher than the conventional 22-carat Goldalloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 22-carat 2.12 2.024 0.0964.528 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (22-caratGold alloy 2.057 2.018 0.039 1.895 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

C3—22-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 6.3% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 3.95% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 1.975% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 1.975% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the22-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the above composition. the conventional22-carat gold has a specific gravity of 17.696 gm/cc, 22-carat goldalloy made in accordance with the present invention has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 17.08 gm/cc, which is 3.45% lesser than theconventional 22-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

22-carat Gold alloy according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 22-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional22-carat Gold Alloy 1 −117.67 70.11 NA 25.11 78.34 10.28 33.06 −118.0170.27 NA 25.12 78.33 10.35 33.05 −117.81 70.22 NA 25.14 75.64 9.85 31.95Average −117.81 70.20 NA 25.12 77.44 10.16 32.69 B) 22-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −115.2 67.21 NA 30.0584.05 6.94 26.05 −116.38 68.05 NA 31.5 84.0 6.82 26.0 −115.1 67.8 NA31.8 84.05 6.74 25.95 Average −115.56 67.68 NA 31.12 84.02 6.82 26

Enhanced Hardness:

22-carat 22-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 140 170-195 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed Springiness Observed in 22-carat in 22-carat GoldConventional Alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused Up to appx. 800 gm Up to appx. 1200 gm is a bangle as the anddeflection of and deflection of final product. 3.5 mm 4.20 mm Size- 52.5mm Inner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher than the conventional 22-carat Goldalloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 22-carat 2.12 2.024 0.0964.528 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (22-caratGold alloy 2.050 2.019 0.031 1.512 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

C4—22-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 6.3% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 91.6% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFZIRCONIUM 3.95% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 1.975% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 1.975% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the22-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced by the above composition. the conventional22-carat gold has a specific gravity of 17.696 gm/cc, 22-carat goldalloy made in accordance with the present invention has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 17.40 gm/cc, which is 1.67% lesser than theconventional 22-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

22-carat Gold alloy according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof whencompared with conventional 22-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional22-carat Gold Alloy 1 −117.67 70.11 NA 25.11 78.34 10.28 33.06 −118.0170.27 NA 25.12 78.33 10.35 33.05 −117.81 70.22 NA 25.14 75.64 9.85 31.95Average −117.81 70.20 NA 25.12 77.44 10.16 32.69 B) 22-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −105.25 66.21 NA 32.185.57 4.5 23.46 −106.3 66.01 NA 32.2 85.62 4.25 24.05 −105.85 66.0 NA32.3 85.69 4.75 25.25 Average −105.8 66.07 NA 32.2 85.61 4.5 24.25

Enhanced Hardness:

22-carat 22-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 140 175-190 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed Springiness Observed in 22-carat in 22-carat GoldConventional Alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused Up to appx. 800 gm Up to appx. 925 gm is a bangle as the anddeflection of and deflection of final product. 3.5 mm 3.95 mm Size- 52.5mm Inner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher than the conventional 22-carat Goldalloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 22-carat 2.12 2.024 0.0964.528 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (22-caratGold alloy 2.088 2.07 .018 .862 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm

D1—23-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 2.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 2.58% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 0.43% BYWEIGHT OF ZINC 0.43% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 23-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 18.523 gm/cc, 23 carats gold alloy made inaccordance with the present invention with the above composition hasdemonstrated a specific gravity of 17.88 gm/cc, which is 3.459% lessthan the conventional 23-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 23-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional23-carat Gold Alloy −142.06 61 NA 6.76 42.65 3.34 19.57 −141.14 61.03 NA6.53 42.75 3.39 19.87 −140.46 60.93 NA 6.39 44.13 3.45 20.45 Average−141.22 60.98 NA 6.56 43.18 3.39 19.96 B) 23-carat Gold Alloy −117.8254.1 NA 7.1 41.31 3.64 15.1 −117.36 53.84 NA 7.05 10.98 3.59 15.11−114.71 52.99 NA 6.95 41.01 3.64 15.08 Average −116.63 53.64 NA 7.0341.1 3.62 15.10

Enhanced Hardness:

23-carat Conventional 23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Work HardenedHardness 85-100 125-155 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in 23-carat Springiness Observed Conventional in23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Round specimen used Up to appx. 90 gm andUp to appx. 225 gm and is a bangle as the deflection of 4.16 mmdeflection of 8.66 mm final product. Size- 53 mm Inner Diameter andThickness 0.95-1 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the Gold Alloy according to the present invention is almostmore than double of applied load (pressure) in comparison with theconventional Gold alloy without Zirconium.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 23-carat 2.222 2.172 0.0502.250 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mmm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (23-caratGold alloy 2.138 2.112 0.026 1.216 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

D2—23-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 2.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFTITANIUM 2.78% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 0.46% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 0.46% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 23-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 18.523 gm/cc, 23 carats gold alloy made inaccordance with the present invention with the above composition hasdemonstrated a specific gravity of 18.27 gm/cc, which is 1.37% less thanthe conventional 23-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 23-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional23-carat Gold Alloy −142.06 61 NA 6.76 42.65 3.34 19.57 −141.14 61.03 NA6.53 42.75 3.39 19.87 −140.46 60.93 NA 6.39 44.13 3.45 20.45 Average−141.22 60.98 NA 6.56 43.18 3.39 19.96 B) 23-carat Gold Alloy −110.4555.58 NA 7.15 42.05 4.04 12.25 −112.48 51.23 NA 7.05 42.05 4.19 12.5−114.56 54.93 NA 8.15 41.99 4.17 12.75 Average −112.49 53.91 NA 7.4542.03 4.13 12.5

Enhanced Hardness:

23-carat Conventional 23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Work HardenedHardness 85-100 145-155 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted By Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in 23-carat Springiness Observed Conventional in23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Round specimen used Up to appx. 90 gm andUp to appx. 135 gm and is a bangle as the deflection of 4.16 mmdeflection of 5.65 mm final product. Size- 53 mm Inner Diameter andThickness 0.95-1 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the Gold Alloy according to the present invention is almostmore than double of applied load (pressure) in comparison with theconventional Gold alloy without Zirconium.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 23-carat 2.222 2.172 0.0502.250 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mmm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (23-caratGold alloy 2.192 2.165 0.026 1.12 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

D3—23-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 2.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 2.78% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 0.46% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 0.46% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 23-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 18.523 gm/cc, 23 carats gold alloy made inaccordance with the present invention with the above composition hasdemonstrated a specific gravity of 17.97 gm/cc, which is 2.94% less thanthe conventional 23-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 23-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional23-carat Gold Alloy −142.06 61 NA 6.76 42.65 3.34 19.57 −141.14 61.03 NA6.53 42.75 3.39 19.87 −140.46 60.93 NA 6.39 44.13 3.45 20.45 Average−141.22 60.98 NA 6.56 43.18 3.39 19.96 B) 23-carat Gold Alloy −118.3856.07 NA 6.25 40.05 3.01 14.47 −118.17 56.11 NA 5.99 40.10 2.87 14.67−117.97 56.18 NA 6.15 40.0 2.92 14.83 Average −118.37 56.12 NA 6.1340.05 2.93 14.65

Enhanced Hardness:

23-carat Conventional 23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Work HardenedHardness 85-100 125-135 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted By Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in 23-carat Springiness Observed Conventional in23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Round specimen used Up to appx. 90 gm andUp to appx. 215 gm and is a bangle as the deflection of 4.16 mmdeflection of 7.90 mm final product. Size- 53 mm Inner Diameter andThickness 0.95-1 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the Gold Alloy according to the present invention is almostmore than double of applied load (pressure) in comparison with theconventional Gold alloy without Zirconium.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 23-carat 2.222 2.172 0.0502.250 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mmm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (23-caratGold alloy 2.16 2.126 0..033 1.56 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

D4—23-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 2.1% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER2.1% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER GOLD ALLOY 95.8% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TOTHE 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM PRESENT INVENTION - 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFMAGNESIUM 2.78% BY WEIGHT OF COPPER 0.46% BY WEIGHT OF ZINK 0.46% BYWEIGHT OF SILVER

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention issignificantly reduced. While the conventional 23-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 18.523 gm/cc, 23 carats gold alloy made inaccordance with the present invention with the above composition hasdemonstrated a specific gravity of 17.92 gm/cc, which is 3.24% less thanthe conventional 23-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

23-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 23-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional23-carat Gold Alloy −142.06 61 NA 6.76 42.65 3.34 19.57 −141.14 61.03 NA6.53 42.75 3.39 19.87 −140.46 60.93 NA 6.39 44.13 3.45 20.45 Average−141.22 60.98 NA 6.56 43.18 3.39 19.96 B) 23-carat Gold Alloy −117.0055.81 NA 8.01 43.48 3.51 10.11 −117.00 55.67 NA 7.95 43.12 3.45 10.23−117.00 55.54 NA 8.00 43.23 3.39 10.26 Average −117.00 55.67 NA 7.9843.27 3.45 10.2

Enhanced Hardness:

23-carat Conventional 23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Work HardenedHardness 85-100 135-150 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted By Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in 23-carat Springiness Observed Conventional in23-carat Gold Alloy Gold Alloy Round specimen used Up to appx. 90 gm andUp to appx. 180 gm and is a bangle as the deflection of 4.16 mmdeflection of 6.65 mm final product. Size- 53 mm Inner Diameter andThickness 0.95-1 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the Gold Alloy according to the present invention is almostmore than double of applied load (pressure) in comparison with theconventional Gold alloy without Zirconium.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 23-carat 2.222 2.172 0.0502.250 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mmm × 20 mm × 0.3 mm 2 (23-caratGold alloy 2.15 2.119 0..030 1.44 of the present invention) Test pieceSize 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

E1—24-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 0.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVERGOLD ALLOY 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TO THE 0.15% BY WEIGHT OFZIRCONIUM PRESENT INVENTION: 0.15% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM 0.20% BY WEIGHTOF MAGNESIUM

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is reducedby the above composition. While the conventional 24-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 19.219 gm/cc, 24-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 18.771 gm/cc, which is 2.33% lesser than theconventional 24-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof whencompared with conventional 24-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional24-carat Gold Alloy 1 −150.47 77.53 NA 19.49 73.25 8.85 36.49 −150.6577.49 NA 19.5 73.26 8.86 36.51 −148.92 77.27 NA 19.89 73.06 8.9 36.95Average −150.01 77.43 NA 19.63 73.19 8.87 36.65 B) 24-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −146.68 73.32 NA 24.4780.45 8.01 41.32 −146.79 73.37 NA 24.34 80.44 8.02 41.38 −146.98 73.42NA 24.32 80.46 8.04 41.35 Average −146.82 73.37 NA 24.38 80.45 8.0241.35

Enhanced Hardness:

24-carat 24-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 55 75-100 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in Springiness Observed in 24-carat Conventional24-carat gold alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused is a Up to appx. 75 gm and Up to appx. 255 gm and bangle as thefinal product. deflection of 0.15 mm deflection of. 8 mm Size- 52.5 mmInner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional24-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 24-carat 2.306 2.216 0.0903.902 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm 2 (24-carat Goldalloy 2.252 2.218 0.034 1.530 of the present invention) Test piece Size20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

E2—24-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 0.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVERGOLD ALLOY 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TO 0.25% BY WEIGHTOFZIRCONIUM THE PRESENT 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF TITANIUM INVENTION-

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is reducedby the above composition. While the conventional 24-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 19.219 gm/cc, 24-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 19.05 gm/cc, which is 0.88% lesser than theconventional 24-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 24-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional24-carat Gold Alloy 1 −150.47 77.53 NA 19.49 73.25 8.85 36.49 −150.6577.49 NA 19.5 73.26 8.86 36.51 −148.92 77.27 NA 19.89 73.06 8.9 36.95Average −150.01 77.43 NA 19.63 73.19 8.87 36.65 B) 24-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −145.12 71.52 NA 28.3881.45 6.58 37.87 −145.78 71.25 NA 29.05 81.5 7.02 37.03 −145.85 71.30 NA28.93 81.4 7.23 37.11 Average −145.53 71.35 NA 28.79 81.45 6.94 37.33

Enhanced Hardness:

24-carat 24-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 55 75-105 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in Springiness Observed in 24-carat Conventional24-carat gold alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused is a Up to appx. 75 gm and Up to appx. 95 gm and bangle as thefinal product. deflection of 0.15 mm deflection of .3 mm Size- 52.5 mmInner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional24-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 24-carat 2.306 2.216 0.0903.902 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm 2 (24-carat Goldalloy of the 2.286 2.249 0.037 1.61 present invention) Test piece Size20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

E3—24-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 0.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVERGOLD ALLOY ACCORDING TO 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD THE PRESENT 0.25% BYWEIGHT OF ZIRCONIUM INVENTION- 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF MAGNESIUM

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is reducedby the above composition. While the conventional 24-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 19.219 gm/cc, 24-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 18.73 gm/cc, which is 2.53% lesser than theconventional 24-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 24-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional24-carat Gold Alloy 1 −150.47 77.53 NA 19.49 73.25 8.85 36.49 −150.6577.49 NA 19.5 73.26 8.86 36.51 −148.92 77.27 NA 19.89 73.06 8.9 36.95Average −150.01 77.43 NA 19.63 73.19 8.87 36.65 B) 24-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −146.0 74.88 NA 27.0980.05 6.00 36.10 −146.05 74.56 NA 27.12 80.37 5.75 36.5 −146.13 74.51 NA26.99 80.23 5.95 36.65 Average −146.04 74.65 NA 27.06 80.21 5.9 36.41

Enhanced Hardness:

24-carat 24-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 55 80-95 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in Springiness Observed in 24-carat Conventional24-carat gold alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused is a Up to appx. 75 gm and Up to appx. 200 gm and bangle as thefinal product. deflection of 0.15 mm deflection of .6 mm Size- 52.5 mmInner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional24-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 24-carat 2.306 2.216 0.0903.902 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm 2 (24-carat Goldalloy of the 2.248 2.204 0.044 1.95 present invention) Test piece Size20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

E4—24-Carat Having Compositions

CONVENTIONAL 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ALLOY- 0.5% BY WEIGHT OF SILVERGOLD ALLOY 99.5% BY WEIGHT OF GOLD ACCORDING TO 0.25% BY WEIGHT OFTITANIUM THE PRESENT 0.25% BY WEIGHT OF MAGNESIUM INVENTION-

Specific Gravity:

It has been tested and observed that the specific gravity of the24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is reducedby the above composition. While the conventional 24-carat gold has aspecific gravity of 19.219 gm/cc, 24-carat gold alloy made in accordancewith the present invention with the above composition has demonstrated aspecific gravity of 18.67 gm/cc, which is 2.84% lesser than theconventional 24-carat gold alloy. This is a substantialcost-effectiveness for this high value metal used for jewelrymanufacture.

Color Retention:

24-carat Gold alloy made according to the present invention is alsocompatible in terms of the color retention properties thereof, whencompared with conventional 24-carat Gold alloys as observed under (CIEDefined) color spectrograph.

Size of test pieces 21 mm×21 mm×0.32 mm:

WI-CIE YI-E3I3 TB-452 Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate No. Side(Whiteness) (Yellowness) Opacity (Brightness) L* a* b* A) Conventional24-carat Gold Alloy 1 −150.47 77.53 NA 19.49 73.25 8.85 36.49 −150.6577.49 NA 19.5 73.26 8.86 36.51 −148.92 77.27 NA 19.89 73.06 8.9 36.95Average −150.01 77.43 NA 19.63 73.19 8.87 36.65 B) 24-carat gold alloymade in accordance with the present invention 2 −147.13 73.02 NA 25.0579.12 7.1 34.12 −147.14 73.18 NA 25.52 79.67 7.1 34.23 −147.15 73.58 NA25.73 79.62 7.1 34.36 Average −147.14 73.26 NA 25.43 79.47 7.1 34.23

Enhanced Hardness:

24-carat 24-carat gold Conventional of the present Gold Alloy inventionWork Hardened Hardness Around 55 75-100 (Vickers HV-.05 ASM F 384-11)

Springiness—Test Conducted by Compression Tester:

Springiness Observed in Springiness Observed in 24-carat Conventional24-carat gold alloy of the Gold Alloy present invention Round specimenused is a Up to appx. 75 gm and Up to appx. 140 gm and bangle as thefinal product. deflection of 0.15 mm deflection of .45 mm Size- 52.5 mmInner Diameter and Thickness 0.8 to 0.85 mm

Accordingly, from the above table, it is evident that the springinesswitnessed in the gold alloy made in accordance with the presentinvention is substantially higher in comparison with the conventional24-carat Gold alloy.

Higher Resistance to Wear:

Test Conducted with media polishing set up in which ceramic is used asmedia for 2 Hours:

Wear Resistance Test Weight Weight Before After Weight Test Test Loss %No. Gold Alloy gm gm gm Loss 1 (Conventional 24-carat 2.306 2.216 0.0903.902 Gold Alloy) Test piece Size 20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm 2 (24-carat Goldalloy of the 2.240 2.201 0.039 1.73 present invention) Test piece Size20 mm*20 mm*.3 mm

TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES & ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

Some of the technical advantages of the gold alloy containing at leasttwo out of zirconium, magnesium and titanium or all three together as analloying element made in accordance with the present invention are asunder:

-   -   Lower weight for the same volume in comparison to the        conventional Gold alloy    -   Color retention in jewelry manufacture from this alloy is        compatible in terms of the color retention properties and as        observed under (CIE Defined) color spectrograph with        conventional alloy    -   Offers a workable malleability and ductility in jewelry        manufacture    -   Age Hardening    -   Enhanced Hardness    -   Improved Springiness (Resilience)    -   Higher resistance to wear    -   Better Luster

Throughout this specification, the word “comprise”, or variations suchas “comprises” or “comprising”, shall be understood to implies includinga described element, integer or method step, or group of elements,integers or method steps, however, does not imply excluding any otherelement, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or methodsteps.

The use of the expression “a”, “at least” or “at least one” shall implyusing one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as used in theembodiment of the disclosure in order to achieve one or more of theintended objects or results of the present invention.

The exemplary embodiments described in this specification are intendedmerely to provide an understanding of various manners in which thisembodiment may be used and to further enable the skilled person in therelevant art to practice this invention. The description provided hereinis purely by way of example and illustration.

Although the embodiments presented in this disclosure have beendescribed in terms of its preferred embodiments, the skilled person inthe art would readily recognize that these embodiments can be appliedwith modifications possible within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention as described in this specification by making innumerablechanges, variations, modifications, alterations and/or integrations interms of materials and method used to configure, manufacture andassemble various constituents, components, subassemblies and assemblies,in terms of their size, shapes, orientations and interrelationshipswithout departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

While considerable emphasis has been placed on the specific features ofthe preferred embodiment described here, it will be appreciated thatmany additional features can be added and that many changes can be madein the preferred embodiments without departing from the principles ofthe invention.

These and other changes in the preferred embodiment of the inventionwill be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein,whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptivematter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the invention andnot as a limitation.

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A gold alloy composition for jewelry manufacturehaving a low specific gravity, wherein the gold alloy composition isalloyed with zirconium, titanium, and magnesium, the gold alloycomposition comprising: 75 to 99.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Zirconium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5%by weight of Titanium, 0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper, 0 to 24.98% byweight of Zinc, and 0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver; wherein the saidgold alloy has high springiness, luster, lower wear, and compatiblecolor retention properties compared with a conventional Gold alloy. 42.The gold alloy composition as claimed in claim 41, wherein the goldalloy is a 18-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 14.67 g/cc;hardness of 240-260 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 75 to 75.5%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0 to 24.97% byweight of Copper, 0 to 24.97% by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 24.97% byweight of Silver.
 43. The gold alloy composition as claimed in claim 41,wherein the gold alloy is a 21-carat Gold alloy having a specificgravity of 16.502 g/cc; hardness of 200-225 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11comprising: 87.5 to 88% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight ofMagnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight ofZirconium, 0 to 12.47% by weight of Copper, 0 to 12.47% by weight ofZinc, and 0 to 12.47% by weight of Silver.
 44. The gold alloycomposition as claimed in claim 41, wherein the gold alloy is a 22-caratGold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.057 g/cc; hardness of 170-195Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 91.6 to 92% by weight of Gold,0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium,0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium 0 to 8.37% by weight of Copper, 0 to8.37% by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 8.37% by weight of Silver.
 45. Thegold alloy composition as claimed in claim 41, wherein the gold alloy isa 23-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.88 g/cc; hardnessof 125-155 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 95.8 to 97% byweight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium 0 to 4.17% byweight of Copper, 0 to 4.17% by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 4.17% by weightof Silver.
 46. The gold alloy composition as claimed in claim 41,wherein the gold alloy is a 24-carat Gold alloy having a specificgravity of 18.771 g/cc; hardness of 75-100 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11comprising: 97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight ofMagnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight ofZirconium.
 47. A gold alloy composition for jewelry manufacture having alow specific gravity, the gold alloy composition comprising: a) 75 to99.5% by weight of Gold, b) a combination of at least two componentsselected from the group consisting of: 0.01 to 1.5% by weight ofZirconium, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, and 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, c) 0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper, d) 0 to 24.98%by weight of Zinc, e) 0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver; wherein the saidgold alloy has high springiness, luster, lower wear and compatible colorretention properties compared with a conventional Gold alloy.
 48. TheGold alloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy isa whitish yellow 18-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 14.78g/cc; hardness of 245-265 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising; 75 to75.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper, 0 to 24.98%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.
 49. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is agreenish yellow 18-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 14.75g/cc; hardness of 235-255 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising; 75 to75.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper, 0 to24.98% by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.
 50. TheGold alloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy isa pale yellow 18-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 14.74g/cc; hardness of 245-255 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising; 75 to75.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0 to 24.98% by weight of Copper, 0 to 24.98%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 24.98% by weight of Silver.
 51. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is awhitish yellow 21-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 16.69g/cc; hardness of 205-230 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 87.5to 88% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper, 0 to 12.48%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.
 52. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is agreenish yellow 21-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 16.55g/cc; hardness of 200-210 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 87.5to 88% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper, 0 to12.48% by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.
 53. TheGold alloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy isa pale yellow 21-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 16.51g/cc; hardness of 200-225 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 87.5to 88% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0 to 12.48% by weight of Copper, 0 to 12.48%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 12.48% by weight of Silver.
 54. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is awhitish yellow 22-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.40g/cc; hardness of 175-190 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 91.6to 92% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Titanium, 0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper, 0 to 8.38%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.
 55. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is agreenish yellow 22-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.14g/cc; hardness of 190-205 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 91.6to 92% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper, 0 to 8.38%by weight of Zinc, and 0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.
 56. The Goldalloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is apale yellow 22-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.08 g/cc;hardness of 170-195 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 91.6 to 92%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, 0 to 8.38% by weight of Copper, 0 to 8.38% by weightof Zinc, and 0 to 8.38% by weight of Silver.
 57. The Gold alloycomposition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is a whitishyellow 23-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 18.27 g/cc;hardness of 145-155 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 95.8 to 97%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, 0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper, 0 to 4.18% by weightof Zinc, and 0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.
 58. The Gold alloycomposition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is a greenishyellow 23-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.97 g/cc;hardness of 125-135 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 95.8 to 97%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Magnesium, 0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper, 0 to 4.18% byweight of Zinc, and 0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.
 59. The Gold alloycomposition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is a paleyellow 23-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 17.92 g/cc;hardness of 135-150 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 95.8 to 97%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, 0.01 to 1.5% byweight of Titanium, 0 to 4.18% by weight of Copper, 0 to 4.18% by weightof Zinc, and 0 to 4.18% by weight of Silver.
 60. The Gold alloycomposition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the gold alloy is a whitishyellow 24-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of 19.05 g/cc;hardness of 75-105 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 97 to 99.5%by weight of Gold, 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and 0.01 to 1.5%by weight of Titanium.
 61. The Gold alloy composition as claimed inclaim 47, wherein the gold alloy is a greenish yellow 24-carat Goldalloy having a specific gravity of 18.73 g/cc, hardness of 80-95 VickersHV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising: 97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold, 0.01 to1.5% by weight of Zirconium, and 0.01 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium.62. The Gold alloy composition as claimed in claim 47, wherein the goldalloy is a pale yellow 24-carat Gold alloy having a specific gravity of18.67 g/cc; hardness of 75-100 Vickers HV-0.05 ASM F 384-11 comprising:97 to 99.5% by weight of Gold, 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of Magnesium, and0.1 to 1.5% by weight of Titanium.